How can we explain the reason why cooperatives have evolved so differently? This article argues that the institutional framework gives a decisive influence in organizational evolution and the historic path has been taken by interaction between institutions and organizations. The Japanese agricultural cooperatives are analyzed from institutional perspectives. They were created at the end of the 19th century under overwhelming European influence but evolved as a quite different model under the strong impacts of industrial...

The sale as well as lease transactions of agricultural land affect both the distributional and production pattern which have serious policy consequences in a developing economy. The study, using the qualitative analytical methods of logit function, identified the socio-economic characters which influenced the land sale or lease decisions of farmers in a highly fertile and developed region of India. The study found that with an increase in the size of holding, the farmers showed greater...

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is one of the largest safety net programs in the United States, serving 44.7 million individuals in an average month in 2011. We used Current Population Survey data to examine the effect of SNAP on poverty from 2000 to 2009, by adding program benefits to income and calculating how SNAP benefits affected the prevalence, depth, and severity of poverty. We found an average decline of 4.4 percent in the...