The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated Pigment Yellow 12 [6358-85-6], Pigment Yellow 13 [5102-83-0] and Pigment Yellow 83 [5567-15-7] considering all toxicological end points. Depending on their intended use, the pigments are produced in different sizes with a d50 ranging from 15 to 250 nm. In technical applications, particles smaller than 100 nm are called nanoparticles. By definition, pigments are not soluble in...

Objective: To analyze, in a urology ward, the prevalence and characteristics of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) due to multidrug-resis­tant organisms (MDRO). Methods: We carried out an observational study from 2012 to 2019, evaluating MDRO among patients with HAIs, who were hospitalized in the urology ward. MDRO include Pseudomonas spp., resistant to at least three antibiotic groups, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae or those resistant to carbapenems, and Enterococcus spp. resistant to vancomycin. Results: Among patients with...

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re-evaluated the biological tolerance value (BAT value) of carbon monoxide (CO) [630-08-0]. Exercising healthy test persons became significantly faster exhausted at CO exposures resulting in a CO-Hb content of 3.35 to 5.1%. This was only observed with very high physical activity (minute volume of 100 l/min) which is much higher than that assumed to be realistic in workplaces...

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re-evaluated dichloroacetic acid [79-43-6] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and to review its carcinogenicity classification. The critical effects are irritation, carcinogenicity in the liver of rats and mice as well as neurotoxicity. After oral application, dichloroacetic acid or its sodium salt has tumour-promoting effects and is carcinogenic in the liver of rats and...

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re-evaluated triphenyl phosphate [115-86-6] considering all toxicological end points. Triphenyl phosphate is not neurotoxic in hens and rats and not irritating to the eyes and skin of rabbits. In a 13-week toxicity study with rats, hepatocellular hypertrophy and follicle cell hypertrophy in the thyroid gland started to be not adversly induced at a triphenyl phosphate dose of 105...

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated the background concentration of gadolinium [7440-54-2] in occupationally not exposed persons of the general population without gadolinium application for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Available publications are described in detail.In total, only few publications on the background exposure to gadolinium could be found, some of which used different analytical methods and different sample matrices (urine, blood, serum). Gadolinium...