Empathy research has been bogged by unclear definitions and inconsistent scales that can conflate related constructs. Broadly, empathy has been conceptualized as two facets: affective empathy, the ability for an individual to experience the emotional and psychological states of others, and cognitive empathy, the ability to understand and perceive the emotional and psychological states of others. Empathy has generally been considered pro-social, and much of the research has focused on shared negative states--that is understanding...