Background and Objective. Currently, pathological jugular valves are thought to be the main cause of altered hemodynamics in the internal jugular veins. The alternative interpretation of flow disturbances in these veins is that nozzle-like strictures in their upper parts, for example caused by enlarged bony processes, are the main source of abnormal outflow. This in silico study was aimed at validation of this hypothesis.Methods. Computational fluid mechanics software, COMSOL multiphysics, was used. For numerical validation...