One of the key challenges to quantifying long-distance seed dispersal by wind is describing the complex and three-dimensional eddy motion inside and above canopies. The Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) option of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), a state-of-the-art, three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic atmospheric numerical model was modified to simulate atmospheric turbulence within and above tree canopies. The primary modification included a new coordinate system designed to contour the shape of trees, thereby permitting a more faithful descriptor...