Data set belonging to the study 'Plant population and soil origin effects on nematode community composition in the rhizosphere of a range-expanding plant species and a native congener'. In this study, we experimentally compared the development of nematode communities originating from northern and southern European soils in the rhizospheres of different populations of the range-expanding plant species Centaurea stoebe and the native plant species Centaurea jacea. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse of...