Applied nucleation is a restoration technique that seeks to facilitate woody plant establishment by attracting birds or other animals that may introduce seeds of dispersal-limited species. In 1991, an experimental test of applied nucleation was initiated in an abandoned landfill in New Jersey, USA. Trees and shrubs were planted into 16 10 × 10-m plots, covering less than 3% of the 6 ha site. In 2010-2011, we sampled the plant community to test the impact...