This study reviewed all published valproic acid (VPA) population pharmacokinetic (PPK) models in adult patients and assessed them using external validation methods to determine predictive performance. Thirteen published PPK models (labeled with letters A to M) not restricted to children were identified in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases. They were evaluated in a sample totaling 411 serum concentrations from 146 adult inpatients diagnosed with bipolar disorder in a Chinese hospital. Serum concentrations of...