The treatment of wastewater is a circular solution to both water scarcity problems in times of climate change and to avoid direct discharge of untreated wastewater in the environment. The use of treated wastewater (TWW) has been considered as the main water resource in different parts of the world, especially in semi-arid and arid contexts. Palestine is one of these contexts. Here, water stress is locally exacerbated by cultural, political and social constraints, as well...