Objective: Dietary supplement use has increased over past decades, resulting in reports of potentially serious adverse events. The aim of this study was to develop optimised methods to evaluate the causal relationships between adverse events and dietary supplements, and to test these methods using case reports. Design: Causal relationship assessment using prospectively collected data. Setting and participants: 4 dietary supplement experts, 4 pharmacists and 11 registered dietitians (5 men and 14 women) examined 200 case...

Pulmonary emphysema is a major manifestation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is associated with chronic pulmonary inflammation caused by cigarette smoking, with contributions from immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Although matrix metalloproteinases are well-known to contribute to emphysema progression, the role of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family proteins, other major metalloproteinases, in disease pathogenesis is largely unknown. ADAM17 is a major sheddase that cleaves various cell surface proteins, including CD62L,...

Many male animals donate nutritive materials during courtship or mating to their female mates. Donation of large-sized gifts, though costly to prepare, can result in increased sperm transfer during mating and delayed remating of the females, resulting in a higher paternity. Nuptial gifting sometimes causes severe female-female competition for obtaining gifts (i.e., sex-role reversal in mate competition) and female polyandry, changing the intensity of sperm competition and the resultant paternity gains. We built a theoretical...

The capacity for auditory-motor coordination (AMC) is shared by several species, among which humans are most flexible in coordinating with tempo changes. We investigated how humans lose this tempo flexibility at their upper rate limit, and the effect of skill level on this phenomenon. Seven skilled street dancers, including a world champion, and ten non-dancers were instructed to bend their knees according to a metronome beat in a standing position at eight constant beat frequencies...

Limited attention has been given to ecological factors influencing the coevolution of male and female genitalia. The innovative ovipositor of Drosophila suzukii, an invading fruit pest, represents an appealing case to document this phenomenon. The serrated saw-like ovipositor is used to pierce the hard skin of ripening fruits that are not used by other fruit flies that prefer soft decaying fruits. Here, we highlight another function of the ovipositor related to its involvement in genital...

Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to evaluate hemoglobin levels at the initiation of erythropoiesis stimulating agent (ESA) therapy in patients with non-dialysis-dependent CKD (NDD-CKD) and anemia using a large-scale administrative database in Japan. The longitudinal data of adult patients who initiated ESA therapy between April 2008 and December 2018 were extracted from a hospital-based administrative database. The primary outcome was hemoglobin level at the...

Additional file 1. Multiple sequence alignment of available HPV67 whole genomes.

Tardive dyskinesia (TD), a movement disorder associated with antipsychotics, most frequently affects the lower face and jaw muscles, but can also affect walking, breathing and use of the hands and limbs. Knowledge of TD among physicians may be limited, and the pathophysiology of TD is poorly understood. We conducted this review to summarise the current knowledge surrounding the pathophysiology of TD and present recommendations for prevention and treatment based on a literature search and roundtable...

Additional file 1: Table S1. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis.

Abstract Tendon regeneration is difficult because detailed knowledge about tendon progenitor cells (TPCs), which produce tenocytes to repair tendon tissue, has not been revealed. Mohawk homeobox (MKX) is a marker of TPCs or tenocytes, but a human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-based reporter system that visualizes MKX+ cells has not been developed. Here, we established an hPSC-derived MKX-tdTomato reporter cell line and tested the induction ratio of MKX-tdTomato+ cells using our stepwise/xeno-free differentiation protocol. MKX-tdTomato+ cells...

Additional file 2: Monte Carlo uncertainty estimation method for the calculation of the mineral grain weight fractions.

Abstract A fundamental parameter-based quantification scheme for confocal XRF was applied to sub-micron synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence (SR-XRF) data obtained at the beamline P06 of the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY, Hamburg, Germany) from two sections C0033-01 and C0033-04 that were wet cut from rock fragment C0033 collected from Cb-type asteroid (162173) Ryugu by JAXA’s Hayabusa2 mission. Trace-element quantifications show that C0033 bulk matrix is CI-like, whereas individual mineral grains (i.e., magnetite, pyrrhotite, dolomite, apatite and breunnerite)...

Additional file 3. Time transition of resected PNEN patients during study period. PNEN, pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm.

Additional file 4. Receiver operating characteristic curve of tumor size with and without lymph node metastasis in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm.

Additional file 5. Overall survival analysis for patients with resected pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm. We analyzed resected PNEN survival using Kaplan-Meyer method, showing that both overall and recurrence free survival were favorable. OS, overall survival; RFS, recurrence free survival.

Additional file 6. Review of observed PNEN cases.

People differ in their tendency to infer others' personalities and abilities from their faces. An extreme form of such face-based trait inference (FBTI) is problematic because of its unwarranted impact on real-world decision making. Evolutionary perspectives on FBTI suggest that its inter-individual variation would be trait-specific: e.g. those who make extreme face-based inferences about trustworthiness may not necessarily do so about dominance. However, there are several psychological variables that can increase the FBTI extremity across...

Supplement Material for Meta-Analysis Comparing Bivalirudin Versus. Unfractionated Heparin in Adult Patients With Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation by Kazuhiko Kido, Galen M. Kabulski, Thomas W. Szymanski, Tsuyoshi Shiga, Mikiko Shimizu, and Masayuki Hashiguchi in Journal of Pharmacy Practice

Abstract Background The incidence of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (PNEN) has been increasing. Resection is typically indicated for PNEN, regardless of its size; however, the indications for its resection are controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the treatment results of surgical resection of PNEN at our institute. Methods In this single-center, retrospective, case-control study, 87 patients who underwent PNEN resection and 17 patients with PNEN who did not undergo surgical resection between 1993 and 2020 were...

Additional file 1. Supplemental Figure 1. Study flow chart of patient identification and selectionStudy flow chart of patient identification and selection. A total of 117 records were excluded from the 3431 cases registered in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) taskforce database owing to lack of essential clinical information. Ultimately, 3314 patients met the eligibility criteria, of which 2709 had respiratory symptoms. Supplemental Figure 2. Frequency of assisted respiration therapy and death in all four groups...

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Branching patterns of the celiac artery and the left gastric artery (LGA). Fig. S2. Running aspects of the hepatic artery relative to the portal vein (PV).

Additional file 1: Fig. S1. Branching patterns of the celiac artery and the left gastric artery (LGA). Fig. S2. Running aspects of the hepatic artery relative to the portal vein (PV).

Additional file 10: Table S8. Gene coverage of various functional KEGG genes detected through shotgun sequencing.

Additional file 5: Table S4. Relative abundance of orders detected through 16S rRNA gene sequencing using fecal DNA.

Additional file 7: Table S6. Relative abundance of genera detected through 16S rRNA gene sequencing using fecal DNA.