Objective: To evaluate whether participating in physical contact sports is associated with a release of neurofilaments and whether this release is related to future clinical neurological and/or psychiatric impairment. Methods: We have performed a systematic literature review of the PubMed, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases using a combination of the search terms neurofilament(s)/intermediate filament and sport(s)/athletes. Only original studies, written in English, that have reported on neurofilament measurements in CSF and/or serum/plasma of physical contact...