Additional file 2. Questionnaire for the main Malawi Demographic and Health Survey.

Additional file 3: Figure S2. The birth weight z-scores comparing STOPPAM vs. Intergrowth (IG21) references. The dash line indicates the mean birthweight z-scores.

Additional file 1. Questionnaire for micronutrients survey module.

Abstract Background Iron status is considered as a continuum from an iron deficiency with anaemia, without anaemia, varying amounts of stored iron to iron overload. The burden of Plasmodium falciparum infections is typically high among school-aged children (SAC). Nonetheless, SAC are often less likely to be covered by malaria interventions, making them a group with an untreated reservoir of parasite transmission. This study aimed to assess the effects of asymptomatic and clinical malaria infections on...

Additional file 5: Figure S4. Two stage individual participant data meta-analysis on the association between malaria in pregnancy (MIP) and small for gestational age (SGA) using the STOPPAM (SGASTOPPAM) vs. the Intergrowth-21 reference (SGAIG21). uOR: unadjusted odds ratio in panels A and B, aOR: adjusted odds ratio in panels C and D controlling for body mass index, gravidity, gestational age at enrolment, HIV, and hemoglobin level at enrolment. In addition, adjusted for gestational age at...

Abstract Background The prevalence of small for gestational age (SGA) may vary depending on the chosen weight-for-gestational-age reference chart. An individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted to assess the implications of using a local reference (STOPPAM) instead of a universal reference (Intergrowth-21) on the association between malaria in pregnancy and SGA. Methods Individual participant data of 6,236 newborns were pooled from seven conveniently identified studies conducted in Tanzania and Malawi from 2003–2018 with data on...

Background: Selection for resistance to azithromycin (AZM) and other antibiotics such as tetracyclines and lincosamides remains a concern with long-term AZM use for treatment of chronic lung diseases (CLD). We investigated the impact of 48 weeks of AZM on the carriage and antibiotic resistance of common respiratory bacteria among children with HIV-associated CLD. Methods: Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and sputa were collected at baseline, 48 and 72 weeks from participants with HIV-associated CLD randomised to receive...

Additional file 2. Questionnaire for the main Malawi Demographic and Health Survey.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Comparison of the Intergrowth-21 and STOPPAM standard charts. Table S2. Quality of studies using Cochrane’s Risk of Bias 2 tool (ROB-2) for randomized trials. Table S3. Risk of Bias assessment by Newcastle scale for cohort studies. Table S4. Prevalence of small for gestational age by gestational age and birthweight. Table S5. Prevalence of small for gestational age when applying the inclusion criteria for each reference chart. Table S6. Sensitivity analysis...

Additional file 4: Figure S3. Association between small for gestational age (SGA) and malaria in pregnancy excluding all HIV seropositive women. Panels A and B shows the unadjusted odds ratio (uOR) for SGA when using STOPPAM (SGASTOPPAM) and Intergrowth-21 (SGAIG21) references. Panels C and D shows the adjusted odds ratio (aOR).

Additional file 6: Figure S5. Funnel plots for meta-analysis. The closed dots indicate the observed studies, panel A indicate the trim and fill funnel plot for STOPPAM (P = 0.10) and panel B for Intergrowth-21 reference (P = 0.35). The contour enhanced funnel plot for STOPPAM (panel C) and Intergrowth-21 (panel D) show the distribution of studies in both the small and large p-values contours, hence no publication bias.

Background: Household air pollution in low income countries is an important cause of mortality from respiratory infection. We hypothesised that chronic smoke exposure is detrimental to alveolar macrophage function, causing failure of innate immunity. We report the relationship between macrophage function and prior smoke exposure in healthy Malawians. Methods: Healthy subjects exposed daily to cooking smoke at home volunteered for bronchoalveolar lavage. Alveolar macrophage particulate content was measured as a known correlate of smoke exposure....

Additional file 1: Table S1. Comparison of the Intergrowth-21 and STOPPAM standard charts. Table S2. Quality of studies using Cochrane’s Risk of Bias 2 tool (ROB-2) for randomized trials. Table S3. Risk of Bias assessment by Newcastle scale for cohort studies. Table S4. Prevalence of small for gestational age by gestational age and birthweight. Table S5. Prevalence of small for gestational age when applying the inclusion criteria for each reference chart. Table S6. Sensitivity analysis...

Additional file 5: Figure S4. Two stage individual participant data meta-analysis on the association between malaria in pregnancy (MIP) and small for gestational age (SGA) using the STOPPAM (SGASTOPPAM) vs. the Intergrowth-21 reference (SGAIG21). uOR: unadjusted odds ratio in panels A and B, aOR: adjusted odds ratio in panels C and D controlling for body mass index, gravidity, gestational age at enrolment, HIV, and hemoglobin level at enrolment. In addition, adjusted for gestational age at...

Additional file 6: Figure S5. Funnel plots for meta-analysis. The closed dots indicate the observed studies, panel A indicate the trim and fill funnel plot for STOPPAM (P = 0.10) and panel B for Intergrowth-21 reference (P = 0.35). The contour enhanced funnel plot for STOPPAM (panel C) and Intergrowth-21 (panel D) show the distribution of studies in both the small and large p-values contours, hence no publication bias.

Abstract Background The prevalence of small for gestational age (SGA) may vary depending on the chosen weight-for-gestational-age reference chart. An individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted to assess the implications of using a local reference (STOPPAM) instead of a universal reference (Intergrowth-21) on the association between malaria in pregnancy and SGA. Methods Individual participant data of 6,236 newborns were pooled from seven conveniently identified studies conducted in Tanzania and Malawi from 2003–2018 with data on...

Additional file 1: Model code and additional tables and Figs. Table S1. Country-specific tuberculosis notifications for 2013-2020 by age and sex. Table S2. Country-specific linear models for expected notifications. Fig. S1. Country-specific linear models for expected notifications. Table S3. Country-specific numbers of missed or delayed diagnoses. Table S4. Country-specific risk-ratios for disruption to tuberculosis notifications due to the pandemic for men compared to women (both aged ≥ 15 years). Table S5. Country-specific risk-ratios for disruption...

Additional file 1. Questionnaire for micronutrients survey module.

Abstract Background Iron status is considered as a continuum from an iron deficiency with anaemia, without anaemia, varying amounts of stored iron to iron overload. The burden of Plasmodium falciparum infections is typically high among school-aged children (SAC). Nonetheless, SAC are often less likely to be covered by malaria interventions, making them a group with an untreated reservoir of parasite transmission. This study aimed to assess the effects of asymptomatic and clinical malaria infections on...

Additional file 2: Figure S1. Birth weight percentiles by sex and gestational age for STOPPAM vs. Intergrowth (IG21) references. The percentiles before and after 33 weeks for Intergrowth were merged, hence the bend in the 10th percentile.

Additional file 2: Figure S1. Birth weight percentiles by sex and gestational age for STOPPAM vs. Intergrowth (IG21) references. The percentiles before and after 33 weeks for Intergrowth were merged, hence the bend in the 10th percentile.

Additional file 3: Figure S2. The birth weight z-scores comparing STOPPAM vs. Intergrowth (IG21) references. The dash line indicates the mean birthweight z-scores.

Additional file 4: Figure S3. Association between small for gestational age (SGA) and malaria in pregnancy excluding all HIV seropositive women. Panels A and B shows the unadjusted odds ratio (uOR) for SGA when using STOPPAM (SGASTOPPAM) and Intergrowth-21 (SGAIG21) references. Panels C and D shows the adjusted odds ratio (aOR).

Abstract Background Tuberculosis remains a major public health priority and is the second leading cause of mortality from infectious disease worldwide. TB case detection rates are unacceptably low for men, the elderly and children. Disruptions in TB services due to the COVID-19 pandemic may have exacerbated these and other inequalities. Methods We modelled trends in age- and sex- disaggregated case notifications for all forms of new and relapse TB reported to the World Health Organization...

Abstract Background Tuberculosis remains a major public health priority and is the second leading cause of mortality from infectious disease worldwide. TB case detection rates are unacceptably low for men, the elderly and children. Disruptions in TB services due to the COVID-19 pandemic may have exacerbated these and other inequalities. Methods We modelled trends in age- and sex- disaggregated case notifications for all forms of new and relapse TB reported to the World Health Organization...