Herbivores do not forage uniformly across landscapes, but select for patches of higher nutrition and lower predation risk. Macrotermes mounds contain higher concentrations of soil nutrients and support grasses of higher nutritional value than the surrounding savanna matrix, attracting mammalian grazers that preferentially forage on termite mound vegetation. However, little is known about the spatial extent of such termite influence on grazing patterns and how it might differ in time and space. We measured grazing...

Whereas the anthropogenic impact on marine biodiversity is undebated, the quantification and prediction of this change is not trivial. Simple traditional measures of biodiversity (e.g., richness, diversity indices) do not capture the magnitude and direction of changes in species or functional composition. In this paper, we apply recently developed methods for measuring biodiversity turnover to time-series data of four broad taxonomic groups from two coastal regions: the southern North Sea (Germany) and the South African...

Although protected areas (PAs) are declared to provide sanctuaries for biodiversity, they are increasingly threatened by the synergistic effects of invasive alien species and climate change. Consequently, interventions are required to minimize the impacts of these threats on PAs’ integrity. To inform these interventions in the South African context and under the current climate change scenario, we tested for geographic patterns of alien woody species distribution across the network of 1453 PAs using three alien...

Angiosperms are by far the most species-rich clade of land plants, but their origin and early evolutionary history remain poorly understood. We reconstructed angiosperm phylogeny based on 80 genes from 2,881 plastid genomes representing 85% of extant families and all orders. With a well-resolved plastid tree and 62 fossil calibrations, we dated the origin of the crown angiosperms to the Upper Triassic, with major angiosperm radiations occurring in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. This estimated...

Studies of biodiversity along environmental gradients provide information on how ecological communities change in response to biotic and abiotic factors. For instance, distance to water is associated with several factors that shape the structure and the functioning of ecosystems at a range of spatial scales. We investigated the influence of distance to a perennial water source on ant communities in a semi-arid savanna in northern Botswana. Ant abundance, taxonomic richness and both alpha and beta...

Exam paper (Supplementary) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary) for first semester 2022

Additional file 2. Additional details for the external dataset.

Additional file 3: Fig. S1. A general architecture for a convolutional neural work used for text classification.

Additional file 6. Python libraries used for this project.

Additional file 6. Python libraries used for this project.

Exam paper (Memorundum) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary Memo) for first semester 2022

Exam paper (Supplementary Memo) for first semester 2022

Additional file 7: Fig. S3. Probability plot for the CRTs in the first external data classified as a CRT (Figure A, 665 CRTs) and non-CRTs classified as a CRT (Figure B, 1251 non-CRTs). The x-axis depicts the stacked ensemble model's prediction of the article being classified as a CRT. The y-axis represents the proportion of all documents that had the corresponding probability.

Additional file 8. Screenshots of the front-end tool used for our machine learning algorithm.