Blackleg, caused by the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans, is an important disease of canola. Both ascospores and pycnidiospores of the fungus can infect intact leaves under conditions of extended leaf wetness, with infection then progressing further into the stem. In western Canada, spring is typically cool and dry and additional factors may be involved for successful infection. This study was designed to assess the effect of wounding and wound age on cotyledon infection, to evaluate the...

Soil contamination caused by heavy metals has become a serious environmental and health-related problem to human. Copper (Cu) is essential to human and plants in appropriate amount but toxicant if excessive. Although soil washing has been developed for a long time for heavy metal remediation, there are few studies focusing on Cu, especially in the case of extreme concentration of metal and dissolved organic matters (DOM). Thus, based on the literature reviews about soil washing,...

Visualization 1 includes four parts. Part I presents the speckle evolution of both monochromatic and polychromatic speckles under the illumination bandwidth ranging from λ = 500 nm to λ = 764 nm. Part II shows the speckle autocorrelation changes with the illumination wavelength and the corresponding PBR function versus illumination spectral width. Part III provides the extended data of Fig. 17. In Part IV, we show a dynamic phase retrieval process of an object ’optics’...

Visualization 1 includes four parts. Part I presents the speckle evolution of both monochromatic and polychromatic speckles under the illumination bandwidth ranging from λ = 500 nm to λ = 764 nm. Part II shows the speckle autocorrelation changes with the illumination wavelength and the corresponding PBR function versus illumination spectral width. Part III provides the extended data of Fig. 17. In Part IV, we show a dynamic phase retrieval process of an object ’optics’...

Soil contamination caused by heavy metals has become a serious environmental and health-related problem to human. Copper (Cu) is essential to human and plants in appropriate amount but toxicant if excessive. Although soil washing has been developed for a long time for heavy metal remediation, there are few studies focusing on Cu, especially in the case of extreme concentration of metal and dissolved organic matters (DOM). Thus, based on the literature reviews about soil washing,...

Blackleg, caused by the fungus Leptosphaeria maculans, is an important disease of canola. Both ascospores and pycnidiospores of the fungus can infect intact leaves under conditions of extended leaf wetness, with infection then progressing further into the stem. In western Canada, spring is typically cool and dry and additional factors may be involved for successful infection. This study was designed to assess the effect of wounding and wound age on cotyledon infection, to evaluate the...