We first met Nathan when he was 13 years old and living in a terraced house in a residential suburb of a large city, where he attended a local comprehensive secondary school. He lived with his mother (a social worker) and an older brother. Nathan’s family come from a black British background.

We first met Jasmine when she was 15 years old and living with her newborn daughter R and her older sister in a large urban area. Jasmine moved on two occasions during the project and, in our final interview, she and her daughter were living with a foster family. Jasmine attended a short-stay community school, which had an on-site nursery for pupils with young children. Jasmine’s family come from a mixed race British background.

We first met Funmi when she was 15 years old and living with her family (including two older brothers and two younger twin brothers) in a semi-detached house in a suburb of a large city, where she attended a local comprehensive secondary school. Funmi’s mother was a mature student and clothes designer and her father was a professional musician. Funmi’s family come from a black British background.s

We first met Aliyah when she was 14 years old and living with her family (including three older and two younger siblings) in a semi-detached house in a suburb of a large city, where she attended a local comprehensive secondary school that had recently reopened as an Academy. Aliyah’s father worked in property management and her mother was a homemaker. Aliyah and her family are practicing Muslims, and her parents migrated from Bangladesh before she...

Abstract The “Zero by 30” strategic plan aims to eliminate human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030 and domestic dog vaccination is a vital component of this strategic plan. In areas where domestic dog vaccination has been implemented, it is important to assess the impact of this intervention. Additionally, understanding temporal and seasonal trends in the incidence of animal rabies cases may assist in optimizing such interventions. Data on the incidence of probable rabies cases...

Abstract Background Land-use is a major driver of changes in biodiversity worldwide, but studies have overwhelmingly focused on above-ground taxa: the effects on soil biodiversity are less well known, despite the importance of soil organisms in ecosystem functioning. We modelled data from a global biodiversity database to compare how the abundance of soil-dwelling and above-ground organisms responded to land use and soil properties. Results We found that land use affects overall abundance differently in soil...

The superficial layers of the superior colliculus (SC) are highly visual and receive direct input from the retina. Nonetheless, neural activity in the superficial SC (sSC) is modulated by locomotion and pupil-linked arousal. Here we show that visual responses of neurons in the sSC are additionally modulated by reward delivered prior to the visual stimulus. We trained mice to perform a visual detection task and recorded the activity of neurons in the SC using two-photon...

We first met Aliyah when she was 14 years old and living with her family (including three older and two younger siblings) in a semi-detached house in a suburb of a large city, where she attended a local comprehensive secondary school that had recently reopened as an Academy. Aliyah’s father worked in property management and her mother was a homemaker. Aliyah and her family are practicing Muslims, and her parents migrated from Bangladesh before she...

We first met Megan when she was 10 years old and living in a large house in a rural setting with her father (an interior decorator) and mother (an artist). Megan was one of a set of triplets (with two brothers) and had one older brother. At the beginning of the study, Megan attended a Church of England primary school and, by the end, had graduated to a local comprehensive secondary school. Megan’s family come...

Abstract Background Major depression represents a pressing challenge for health care. In England, Increasing Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services provide evidence-based psychological therapies in a stepped-care approach to patients with depression. While introduction of these services has successfully increased access to therapy, estimates suggest that about 50% of depressed patients who have come to the end of the IAPT pathway still show significant levels of symptoms. This study will investigate whether Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy...

Abstract The “Zero by 30” strategic plan aims to eliminate human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030 and domestic dog vaccination is a vital component of this strategic plan. In areas where domestic dog vaccination has been implemented, it is important to assess the impact of this intervention. Additionally, understanding temporal and seasonal trends in the incidence of animal rabies cases may assist in optimizing such interventions. Data on the incidence of probable rabies cases...

Abstract Background The long-standing view that auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) or hearing voices is a sign of schizophrenia has been challenged by research demonstrating that they lie on a continuum ranging from normal to pathological experience related to distress and need for care. Hearing voices is more prevalent in adolescence than in later life, and hearing voices during adolescence indicates a risk for severe psychopathology, functional impairments, and suicide later in life. While there is...

We first met Sean when he was 13 years old and living in a semi-detached property in a small rural town. Sean lived with his father and mother (his full-time carer) and his older brother. Sean attended a non-maintained school for children with complex disabilities and health needs. Sean had originally been in mainstream schooling, but after the onset of a muscular degenerative condition, had moved to a school providing one-to-one care and support. Sean’s...

Positive affect is often considered the “hallmark of well-being,” associated with better health, longevity, and success. Self-determination theory (SDT) proposes that satisfying three basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness (BNS) fosters optimal functioning, thriving, and positive affect. Meanwhile, broaden-and-build theory suggests that positive emotions predict future psychosocial resources such as need satisfaction. Previous research on the BNS–positive affect link has not sufficiently established to what extent changes in BNS precede changes in positive...

Positive affect is often considered the “hallmark of well-being,” associated with better health, longevity, and success. Self-determination theory (SDT) proposes that satisfying three basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness (BNS) fosters optimal functioning, thriving, and positive affect. Meanwhile, broaden-and-build theory suggests that positive emotions predict future psychosocial resources such as need satisfaction. Previous research on the BNS–positive affect link has not sufficiently established to what extent changes in BNS precede changes in positive...

We first met Megan when she was 10 years old and living in a large house in a rural setting with her father (an interior decorator) and mother (an artist). Megan was one of a set of triplets (with two brothers) and had one older brother. At the beginning of the study, Megan attended a Church of England primary school and, by the end, had graduated to a local comprehensive secondary school. Megan’s family come...

We first met Nathan when he was 13 years old and living in a terraced house in a residential suburb of a large city, where he attended a local comprehensive secondary school. He lived with his mother (a social worker) and an older brother. Nathan’s family come from a black British background.

We first met Sean when he was 13 years old and living in a semi-detached property in a small rural town. Sean lived with his father and mother (his full-time carer) and his older brother. Sean attended a non-maintained school for children with complex disabilities and health needs. Sean had originally been in mainstream schooling, but after the onset of a muscular degenerative condition, had moved to a school providing one-to-one care and support. Sean’s...

We first met David as a baby, as part of the Making Modern Motherhood study. When we revisited David aged 7, he was living as an only child with his father, who works long hours in a non-professional role, and mother in a flat in a large inner city area, where he attended a local primary school. David’s father Richie has a Guyanan heritage and his mother Anastasia, a Romanian/Russian background.

People care about their own well-being and about the well-being of their families. It is currently, however, unknown how much people tend to value their own versus their family’s well-being. A recent study documented that people value family happiness over personal happiness across four cultures. In this study, we sought to replicate this finding across a larger sample size (N = 12,819) and a greater number of countries (N = 49). We found that the...

People care about their own well-being and about the well-being of their families. It is currently, however, unknown how much people tend to value their own versus their family’s well-being. A recent study documented that people value family happiness over personal happiness across four cultures. In this study, we sought to replicate this finding across a larger sample size (N = 12,819) and a greater number of countries (N = 49). We found that the...

We first met Funmi when she was 15 years old and living with her family (including two older brothers and two younger twin brothers) in a semi-detached house in a suburb of a large city, where she attended a local comprehensive secondary school. Funmi’s mother was a mature student and clothes designer and her father was a professional musician. Funmi’s family come from a black British background.s

We first met Jasmine when she was 15 years old and living with her newborn daughter R and her older sister in a large urban area. Jasmine moved on two occasions during the project and, in our final interview, she and her daughter were living with a foster family. Jasmine attended a short-stay community school, which had an on-site nursery for pupils with young children. Jasmine’s family come from a mixed race British background.

Methylene Blue (MB) is a brain-penetrating drug with putative neuroprotective, antioxidant and metabolic enhancing effects. In vitro studies suggest that MB enhances mitochondrial complexes activity. However, no study has directly assessed the metabolic effects of MB in the human brain. We used in vivo neuroimaging to measure the effect of MB on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and brain metabolism in humans and in rats. Two doses of MB (0.5 and 1 mg/kg in humans; 2...

Methylene Blue (MB) is a brain-penetrating drug with putative neuroprotective, antioxidant and metabolic enhancing effects. In vitro studies suggest that MB enhances mitochondrial complexes activity. However, no study has directly assessed the metabolic effects of MB in the human brain. We used in vivo neuroimaging to measure the effect of MB on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and brain metabolism in humans and in rats. Two doses of MB (0.5 and 1 mg/kg in humans; 2...