Soil depth may affect plant diversity in two apparently opposing manners: on the one hand, deeper soil may increase the available space for below-ground niche partitioning, on the other hand, soil depth may have a negative effect on plant diversity by increasing productivity and the rate of competitive exclusion. Due to the scarcity of experimental studies that actively manipulate soil depth, the conditions under which each mechanism dominates are still unclear. Here, we studied the...

Additional file 6. Data file of in vitro experiments in BR45 cells 6 and 14 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Additional file 7. Data file of in vivo experiments in BR45 PDX mice 6 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Additional file 7. Data file of in vivo experiments in BR45 PDX mice 6 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Asymmetrical rates of cladogenesis and extinction abound in the Tree of Life, resulting in numerous minute clades that are dwarfed by larger sister groups. Such taxa are commonly regarded as phylogenetic relicts or “living fossils” when they exhibit an ancient first appearance in the fossil record and prolonged external morphological stasis, particularly in comparison to their more diversified sister groups. Due to their special status, various phylogenetic relicts tend to be well-studied and prioritized for...

Additional file 3. Data file of in vitro experiments in the 4T1 system. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values, G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Additional file 4. Data file of in vivo experiments in the 4T1 system 6 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Additional file 5: Table S2. EC50 values (Log [M]) of AaegOR8-Orco concentration-response relationships.

A decade ago, the General Stress Paradigm (GSP) aimed to develop a predictive framework linking predator effects to ecosystem function. The GSP was based on the notion that animals, across taxa, exhibit similar physiological responses to predation risk that divert resources from growth and reproduction [which require N-rich biomolecules (i.e., protein)] to emergency functions [which require C-rich biomolecules (e.g., carbohydrates)]. The GSP predicts that stressed prey should have a greater dietary demand for C-rich resources,...

We present stable oxygen and carbon isotope data (δ18O and δ13C ) and U-Th chronology data from five speleothems from Cape Limeworks Cave 1 near Robertson, Western Cape, South Africa (33.73S°, 19.77E°). The data set covers the time interval between 240 and 670 ka BP with hiatuses at 630-500 ka and 360-310 ka. Stable isotope ratios range between -6.5 and -3.7 ‰ for δ18O and -11.0 and -8.5 ‰ for δ13C. Analyses of the dispersion...

Afforestation is a common and widespread management practice throughout the world, yet its implications for the genetic diversity of native populations are still poorly understood. We examined the effect of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) plantations on the genetic composition of nearby conspecific native populations. We focused on two native populations in Israel with different levels of isolation from the surrounding plantations and compared the genetic diversity of naturally established young trees within the native populations...

The domestication of plants frequently results in a high level of genetic differentiation between domesticated plants and their wild progenitors. This process is counteracted by gene flow between wild and domesticated plants because they are usually able to inter-mate and to exchange genes. We investigated the extent of gene flow between wild barley Hordeum spontaneum and cultivated barley Hordeum vulgare, and its effect on population structure in wild barley by analyzing a collection of 896...

Individual animals are adept at making decisions and have cognitive abilities, such as memory, which allow them to hone their decisions. Social animals can also share information. This allows social animals to make adaptive group-level decisions. Both individual and collective decision-making systems also have drawbacks and limitations, and while both are well studied, the interaction between them is still poorly understood. Here, we study how individual and collective decision-making interact during ant foraging. We first...

The typical short generation length of insects makes their population dynamics highly sensitive not only to mean annual temperatures but also to their intra-annual variations. To consider the combined effect of both thermal factors under global warming, we propose a modeling framework that links general circulation models (GCMs) with a stochastic weather generator and population dynamics models to predict species population responses to inter- and intra-annual temperature changes. This framework was utilized to explore future...

Nutrient cycling in most terrestrial ecosystems is thought to be controlled by moisture-dependent decomposer activity. In arid ecosystems, plant litter cycling exceeds rates predicted based on precipitation amounts, suggesting that additional factors are involved in these systems. Attempts to reveal these factors have predominantly focused on abiotic degradation, precipitation frequency, soil-litter mixing, and alternative moisture sources. Our aim was to explore an additional hypothesis that macro-detritivores control litter cycling in deserts. We quantified the role...

1. Agricultural intensification and associated loss of high-quality habitats are key drivers of insect pollinator declines. With the aim of decreasing the environmental impact of agriculture, the 2014 EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) defined a set of habitat and landscape features (Ecological Focus Areas: EFAs) farmers could select from as a requirement to receive basic farm payments. To inform the post-2020 CAP, we performed a European-scale evaluation to determine how different EFA options vary in...

1. The 'habitat-specific species pool hypothesis' proposes that differences between habitats in the sizes of their species pools are the main drivers of diversity responses to habitat heterogeneity. Empirical tests of this hypothesis are not trivial since species might be missing from ecologically suitable habitats due to limited dispersal, while others may occur in unsuitable habitats by means of source-sink dynamics and mass effect. 2. We tested the habitat-specific species pool hypothesis in a local,...

1. Decomposition of organic matter in semiarid ecosystems is a key component of the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle. The well-known inaccuracies in predicting litter decay in water-limited regions were lessened by considering solar radiation as an abiotic decay driver of photodegradation. Moreover, exposure to high solar irradiance in dry periods often led to massive facilitation of litter decay in subsequent wet periods (“photoacceleration”), though in many studies this effect was absent. 2. Recently, water vapor...

Isolation by environment (IBE) is a wide spread phenomenon in nature. It is commonly expected that the degree of differences among environments is proportional to the level of divergence between populations in these environments. Consequentially, it is assumed that species’ genetic diversity displays pattern of IBE in the presence of a strong environmental cline if geneflow does not mitigate isolation. We tested this common assumption by analyzing the genetic diversity and demographic history of Pisum...

1. The importance of symbiotic dinitrogen (N2) fixation in shaping the coupled nitrogen-carbon cycle is now known for most humid terrestrial ecosystems. However, whether N2 fixation can play a key role in the nitrogen and carbon budget of water-limited and seasonally dry ecosystems remains a mystery. 2. The maintenance of metabolically and physiologically costly symbiotic fixation in water-limited environments is highly complex. These costs are particularly high during the first developmental season, when allocation to...

Early-life conditions have critical, long-lasting effects on the fate of individuals, yet early-life activity has rarely been linked to subsequent survival of animals in the wild. Using high-resolution GPS and body-acceleration data of 93 juvenile white storks (Ciconia ciconia), we examined the links between behavior during both pre-fledging and post-fledging (fledging-to-migration) periods and subsequent first year survival. Juvenile daily activity (based on overall dynamic body acceleration) showed repeatable between-individual variation, the juveniles’ pre and post-fledging...

Taxonomic identification of fossils is fundamental to a wide range of geological and biological disciplines. Many fossil groups are identified based on expert judgment, which requires extensive experience and is not always available for the specific taxonomic group at hand. Nerineoideans, a group of extinct gastropods that formed a major component of Mesozoic shallow marine environments, have distinctive internal spiral folds that form the basis for their classification at the genus level. However, their identification...

Wind turbines and power lines can cause bird mortality due to collision or electrocution. The biodiversity impacts of energy infrastructure (EI) can be minimised through effective landscape-scale planning and mitigation. The identification of high-vulnerability areas is urgently needed to assess potential cumulative impacts of EI while supporting the transition to zero-carbon energy. We collected GPS location data from 1,454 birds from 27 species susceptible to collision within Europe and North Africa and identified areas where...

The dataset contains two files containing the number of visits made by each bird in each of the well types, out of the first 15 visits in each test (one file for Experiment 1 and another for Experiment 2). An additional file contains our handling time samples for each of the treatments used in experiment 1 (exposed, hidden and "wrapped").

Additional file 8. Data file of in vivo experiments in BR45 PDX mice 12 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.