We present a new approach of analyzing and interpreting vertical profiles of cloud microstructure obtained by satellite remote sensing. The method is based on a spectral bin microphysics adiabatic parcel model and aims to elucidate the effects of aerosols on the evolution of convective clouds and related microphysical processes, including the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), the growth of cloud droplets, and the formation of precipitation. Characteristic features in the vertical profiles of effective...

Additional file 3. Data file of in vitro experiments in the 4T1 system. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values, G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Additional file 8. Data file of in vivo experiments in BR45 PDX mice 12 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Invasive species propagation is a common phenomenon, and a major question is how humans would stop its propagation in the most cost-effective manner. This package includes software and simulation results to find the optimal shape of the suppression function under certain conditions. This package accompanies the paper "Optimizing the use of suppression zones for containment of invasive species" by Adam Lampert and Andrew Liebhold. In particular, it includes the complete code for generating Figs. 2-4...

It has long been believed that Neanderthals originated and flourished on the European continent. However, recent morphological and genetic studies have suggested that they may have received a genetic contribution from a yet unknown non-European group. Here we report on the recent discovery of archaic Homo fossils from the site of Nesher Ramla, Israel, which we dated to 140,000 to 120,000 years ago. Comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analyses of the parietal bones, mandible, and lower...

Additional file 2: Hand rings.stl. File format for 3D-printing of the two complementary hand rings.

Additional file 3: Chemical holder.stl. File format for 3D-printing of the chemical holder component.

Additional file 5. Data file of in vivo experiments in the 4T1 system 12 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Additional file 6. Data file of in vitro experiments in BR45 cells 6 and 14 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Controlled population development and genome-wide association studies have proven powerful in uncovering genes and alleles underlying complex traits. An underexplored dimension of such studies is the phenotypic contribution of non-additive interactions between quantitative trait loci (QTL). Capturing such epistasis in a genome-wide manner requires very large populations to represent replicated combinations of loci whose interactions determine phenotypic outcomes. Here, we dissect epistasis using a densely genotyped population of 1400 backcross-inbred lines (BILs) between a modern...

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are communities of microorganisms that control ecosystem functions in drylands. Despite their importance, little is known about how trophic interactions affect BSC function. We conducted a series of mechanistic experiments to tease out the direct (i.e., consumption) and indirect (i.e., fecal and mucus deposition) pathways by which crustivore (i.e., consume BSCs) and detritivores affect BSC functions— complemented by a manipulative field experiment exploring the integrative effect of these pathways. We showed...

Additional file 1. Provides the details for the TNBC models and single cell analyses used in the study.

Additional file 4. Data file of in vivo experiments in the 4T1 system 6 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Additional file 5. Data file of in vivo experiments in the 4T1 system 12 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Additional file 2: Hand rings.stl. File format for 3D-printing of the two complementary hand rings.

Additional file 5: Table S2. EC50 values (Log [M]) of AaegOR8-Orco concentration-response relationships.

Aim: Genetic diversity is a major determinant for the capacity of species to persist and adapt to their environments. Unraveling the factors affecting genetic differentiation is crucial to understand how genetic diversity is shaped and species may react to changing environments. We investigated the drivers of genetic differentiation and their interplay with the evolutionary history in a wild pea to test how those may have affected the distribution of genetic diversity. Location: Mediterranean basin, western...

Domestication is considered a model of adaptation that can be used to draw conclusions about the modus operandi of selection in natural systems. Investigating domestication may give insights into how plants react to different intensities of human manipulation, which has direct implication for the continuing efforts of crop improvement. Therefore, scientists of various disciplines study domestication-related questions to understand the biological and cultural bases of the domestication process. We employed restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq)...

Soil depth may affect plant diversity in two apparently opposing manners: on the one hand, deeper soil may increase the available space for below-ground niche partitioning, on the other hand, soil depth may have a negative effect on plant diversity by increasing productivity and the rate of competitive exclusion. Due to the scarcity of experimental studies that actively manipulate soil depth, the conditions under which each mechanism dominates are still unclear. Here, we studied the...

Additional file 6. Data file of in vitro experiments in BR45 cells 6 and 14 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Additional file 7. Data file of in vivo experiments in BR45 PDX mice 6 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Additional file 7. Data file of in vivo experiments in BR45 PDX mice 6 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Asymmetrical rates of cladogenesis and extinction abound in the Tree of Life, resulting in numerous minute clades that are dwarfed by larger sister groups. Such taxa are commonly regarded as phylogenetic relicts or “living fossils” when they exhibit an ancient first appearance in the fossil record and prolonged external morphological stasis, particularly in comparison to their more diversified sister groups. Due to their special status, various phylogenetic relicts tend to be well-studied and prioritized for...

Additional file 3. Data file of in vitro experiments in the 4T1 system. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values, G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.

Additional file 4. Data file of in vivo experiments in the 4T1 system 6 days post RT. The data includes single cell protein expression levels as measured by FACS, lambda (λα(cell)) values and G (Giα) values and % of subpopulations out of the entire population.