Background: Selection for resistance to azithromycin (AZM) and other antibiotics such as tetracyclines and lincosamides remains a concern with long-term AZM use for treatment of chronic lung diseases (CLD). We investigated the impact of 48 weeks of AZM on the carriage and antibiotic resistance of common respiratory bacteria among children with HIV-associated CLD. Methods: Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs and sputa were collected at baseline, 48 and 72 weeks from participants with HIV-associated CLD randomised to receive...

Background: Household air pollution in low income countries is an important cause of mortality from respiratory infection. We hypothesised that chronic smoke exposure is detrimental to alveolar macrophage function, causing failure of innate immunity. We report the relationship between macrophage function and prior smoke exposure in healthy Malawians. Methods: Healthy subjects exposed daily to cooking smoke at home volunteered for bronchoalveolar lavage. Alveolar macrophage particulate content was measured as a known correlate of smoke exposure....

Additional file 1: Model code and additional tables and Figs. Table S1. Country-specific tuberculosis notifications for 2013-2020 by age and sex. Table S2. Country-specific linear models for expected notifications. Fig. S1. Country-specific linear models for expected notifications. Table S3. Country-specific numbers of missed or delayed diagnoses. Table S4. Country-specific risk-ratios for disruption to tuberculosis notifications due to the pandemic for men compared to women (both aged ≥ 15 years). Table S5. Country-specific risk-ratios for disruption...

Additional file 1: Model code and additional tables and Figs. Table S1. Country-specific tuberculosis notifications for 2013-2020 by age and sex. Table S2. Country-specific linear models for expected notifications. Fig. S1. Country-specific linear models for expected notifications. Table S3. Country-specific numbers of missed or delayed diagnoses. Table S4. Country-specific risk-ratios for disruption to tuberculosis notifications due to the pandemic for men compared to women (both aged ≥ 15 years). Table S5. Country-specific risk-ratios for disruption...