Additional file 2. Table S2: Adjuvant treatment information.

The application of demographic history modelling and inference to the study of divergence between species has become a cornerstone of speciation genomics. Speciation histories are usually reconstructed by analysing single populations from each species, assuming that the inferred population history represents the actual speciation history. However, this assumption may not be met when species diverge with gene flow, e.g., when secondary contact may be confined to specific geographic regions. Here, we tested whether divergence histories...

The costs and benefits of dispersal are often assessed by comparing fitness between dispersing and non-dispersing individuals. Importantly, individuals that disperse between their natal and first breeding site may subsequently be more likely to disperse between breeding sites compared to those that remained philopatric to their natal site. Such within-individual consistency in dispersal behaviour can bias local survival estimation, and thus the survival comparison between dispersing and non-dispersing individuals, if breeding dispersal leads to permanent...

Additional file 5: Table S1. Detailed clinical information of the five WES cohorts and the MSKCC cohort.

Supplemental Material for The Association of Metformin, Other Antidiabetic Medications, and Statins With the Prognosis of Colon Cancer in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study by Sami Erkinantti, Ari Hautakoski, Reijo Sund, Martti Arffman, Elina Urpilainen, Ulla Puistola, Arja Jukkola, Peeter Karihtala, and Esa Läärä in Cancer Control

We report the discovery of a novel neo-sex chromosome in an African warbler, Sylvietta brachyura (northern crombec; Macrosphenidae). This species is part of the Sylvioidea superfamily, where four separate autosome–sex chromosome translocation events have previously been discovered via comparative genomics of 11 of the 22 families in this clade. Our discovery here resulted from analyses of genomic data of single-species representatives from three additional Sylvioidea families (Macrosphenidae, Pycnonotidae, and Leiothrichidae). In all three species, we...

This dataset comprises of arthropods collected with a D-vac vacuum sampling device from vegetated roofs and ground level habitats with low-growing open vegetation. Sampling was conducted during three consecutive years (2013, 2014 and 2015) at seven sampling sites distributed in the capital area of Finland. Each site included one vegetated roof and two closest ground level open habitats for the roof. Samples were collected twice in a growing season, in June and in August/September. Arthropods...

Current global environmental change calls for comprehensive and complementing approaches for biodiversity conservation. According to recent research, consideration of the diversity of Earth’s abiotic features (i.e., geodiversity) could provide new insights and applications into the investigation and management of biodiversity. However, methods to map and quantify geodiversity at local scale have not been developed although this scale is important for conservation planning. Here, we introduce a field methodology for observing plot-scale geodiversity, pilot the method...

Concept learning is considered a high-level adaptive ability. Thus far, it has been studied in laboratory via asocial trial and error learning. Yet, social information use is common among animals but it remains unknown whether concept learning by observing others occurs. We tested whether pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) form conceptual relationships from the apparent choices of nest-site characteristics (geometric symbol attached to the nest box) of great tits (Parus major). Each wild flycatcher female (n...

While the strength of sexual signals is important in mate attraction, the ability to accurately compare signals may also have a major effect on mate choice. Large distances between competitors may reduce competition, as accurate comparison of signals becomes harder. This may be advantageous to weak signallers and detrimental to stronger signallers. We create a mathematical model examining optimal distance from stronger competitors for sexual signallers and test its predictions using the common glow-worm (Lampyris...

The mutualism between legumes and rhizobia is clearly the product of past coevolution. However, the nature of ongoing evolution between these partners is less clear. To characterize the nature of recent coevolution between legumes and rhizobia, we used population genomic analysis to characterize selection on functionally annotated symbiosis genes as well as on symbiosis gene candidates identified through a two-species association analysis. For the association analysis, we inoculated each of 202 accessions of the legume...

Arctic ecosystems are changing dramatically with warmer and wetter conditions resulting in complex interactions between herbivores and their forage. We investigated how Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) modify their late winter diets in response to long-term trends and interannual variation in forage availability and accessibility. By reconstructing their diets and foraging niches over a 17-year period (1995–2012) using serum δ13C and δ15N values, we found strong support for a temporal increase in the proportions of...

Additional file 3. Table S3: Performance of three strategies.

Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) have increased over the past few decades, causing freshwater browning. The impacts of browning on biodiversity have been little studied, despite many of the individual stressors associated with browning being known to control freshwater communities. We explored the responses of benthic invertebrates along a wide gradient of DOC concentrations (3.6 mg to 27 mg L-1) in 63 boreal streams variously impacted by peatland drainage or peat production. DOC was...

Supplemental Material for The Association of Metformin, Other Antidiabetic Medications, and Statins With the Prognosis of Colon Cancer in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study by Sami Erkinantti, Ari Hautakoski, Reijo Sund, Martti Arffman, Elina Urpilainen, Ulla Puistola, Arja Jukkola, Peeter Karihtala, and Esa Läärä in Cancer Control

Supplemental Material for The Association of Metformin, Other Antidiabetic Medications, and Statins With the Prognosis of Colon Cancer in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study by Sami Erkinantti, Ari Hautakoski, Reijo Sund, Martti Arffman, Elina Urpilainen, Ulla Puistola, Arja Jukkola, Peeter Karihtala, and Esa Läärä in Cancer Control

Supplemental Material for The Association of Metformin, Other Antidiabetic Medications, and Statins With the Prognosis of Colon Cancer in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study by Sami Erkinantti, Ari Hautakoski, Reijo Sund, Martti Arffman, Elina Urpilainen, Ulla Puistola, Arja Jukkola, Peeter Karihtala, and Esa Läärä in Cancer Control

Reproductive sharing in animal groups with multiple breeders, insects and vertebrates alike, contains elements of both conflict and cooperation, and depends on both relatedness between co-breeders, as well as their internal and external conditions. We studied how queens of the ant Formica fusca adjust their reproductive efforts in response to experimental manipulations of the kin competition regime in their nest, as well as their own reproductive status. Queens respond to the presence of competitors by...

The population numbers of taiga bean goose (Anser fabalis fabalis) have halved during recent decades. Since this subspecies is hunted throughout most of its range, the decline is of management concern. Knowledge of the genetic population structure and diversity is important for guiding management and conservation efforts. Genetically unique subpopulations might be hunted to extinction if not managed separately, and any inbreeding depression or lack of genetic diversity may affect the ability to adapt to...

Concentrations of terrestrial-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in freshwater ecosystems have increased consistently, causing freshwater browning. The mechanisms behind browning are complex, but in forestry-intensive regions browning is accelerated by land drainage. Forestry actions in streamside riparian forests alter canopy shading, which together with browning is expected to exert a complex and largely unpredictable control over key ecosystem functions. We conducted a stream mesocosm experiment with three levels of browning (ambient vs. moderate vs. high,...

Additional file 1. Table S1: Patient demography.

Mitochondria are best known for synthesizing ATP through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is important for maintaining the function. This study was designed to reveal the effect of mtDNA on chicken body measurement traits (BMTs). A population of 605 Wenshang Barred chickens were recorded BMTs, including body slope length, keel length, chest width, etc. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of their mitogenomes were detected by PCR amplification and DNA...

Nutrient enrichment and loss of herbivores are assumed to cause plant diversity loss in grassland ecosystems because they increase plant cover that decreases understory light. Empirical tests of the role of competition for light in natural systems are based on indirect evidence and have contributed to strong debates over the last 40 years. Using illumination by LED-lamps, we demonstrate that experimentally restoring light to understory plants in a natural grassland mitigated the loss of plant...

Supplemental Material for The Association of Metformin, Other Antidiabetic Medications, and Statins With the Prognosis of Colon Cancer in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study by Sami Erkinantti, Ari Hautakoski, Reijo Sund, Martti Arffman, Elina Urpilainen, Ulla Puistola, Arja Jukkola, Peeter Karihtala, and Esa Läärä in Cancer Control

Additional file 2.