Ethyl malonyl chloride (234mg, 1.56mmole) was added in one go to a stirred solution of cumyl acohol (227mg, 1.67mmole) and N,N-dimethylaniline (164mg, 1.36mmole) in diethyl ether (2ml). The reaction was exothermic and the mixture went cloudy. After stirring at room temperature over the weekend, the supernatant of the reaction was applied to a column of silica gel and the product eluted with hexane : ethyl acetate (5 : 1) as a sweet-smelling, colourless oil (248mg).

1. Culling wildlife as a form of disease management can have unexpected and sometimes counterproductive outcomes. In the UK, badgers (Meles meles) are culled in efforts to reduce badger-to-cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (TB). However, culling has previously been associated with both increased and decreased incidence of M. bovis infection in cattle. 2. The adverse effects of culling have been linked to cull-induced changes in badger ranging, but such...

Mathematical models of a cellular action potential in cardiac modelling have become increasingly complex, particularly in gating kinetics which control the opening and closing of individual ion channel currents. As cardiac models advance towards use in personalised medicine to inform clinical decision- making, it is critical to understand the uncertainty hidden in parameter estimates from their calibration to experimental data. This study applies approximate Bayesian computation to re-calibrate the gating kinetics of four ion channels...

Bacteria diversify into genetic clusters analogous to those observed in sexual eukaryotes, but the definition of bacterial species is an ongoing problem. Recent work has focused on adaptation to distinct ecological niches as the main driver of clustering, but there remains debate about the role of recombination in that process. One view is that homologous recombination occurs too rarely for gene flow to constrain divergent selection. Another view is that homologous recombination is frequent enough...

1. Ecological studies of global warming impacts have many constraints. Organisms are often exposed to higher temperatures for short periods of time, probably underestimating their ability to acclimate or adapt relative to slower but real rates of warming. Many studies also focus on a limited number of traits and miss the multifaceted effects that warming may have on organisms, from physiology to behavior. Organisms exhibit different movement traits, some of which are primarily driven by...

Reef corals are currently undergoing climatically-driven poleward range expansions, with some evidence for equatorial range retractions. Predicting their response to future climate scenarios is critical to their conservation, but ecological models are based only on short-term observations. The fossil record provides the only empirical evidence for the long-term response of organisms under perturbed climate states. The palaeontological record from the Last Interglacial (LIG; 125,000 years ago), a time of global warming, suggests that reef corals...

Objective: To determine the trajectory of cognitive decline before and after incident stroke. Methods: By using data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we studied 9278 nondemented participants with no history of stroke who underwent cognitive assessment at baseline (wave 1), and at least one other timepoint (waves 2 to 7). We used linear mixed models to analyze repeated measures and longitudinal data. Results: Among the 9278 participants (56.8% women, mean age 63.1±10.3 years),...

Gaussian Calculation

Gaussian Calculation

Gaussian Calculation

Data for triazole 2b

Data for triazole 2b'

Data for triazole 3a

Gaussian Calculation

Gaussian Calculation

Gaussian Calculation

Gaussian Calculation

Gaussian Calculation

Gaussian Calculation

Gaussian Calculation

Gaussian Calculation

Gaussian Calculation

Gaussian Calculation

Just a test