Aim Isolation is a key factor in island biology. It is usually defined as the distance to the geographically nearest mainland, but multiple alternatives exist. We explored how testing different isolation indices affects the inference of isolation effects on faunal characteristics. We focused on land-bridge islands and compared the relationships of multiple spatial and temporal (i.e., through time) isolation indices with community-, population-, and individual-level characteristics (species richness, population density, and body size, respectively). Location...

Both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes synonymous codons are unevenly used. Such differential usage of optimal or nonoptimal codons has been suggested to play a role in the control of translation initiation and elongation, as well as at the level of transcription and mRNA stability. In the case of membrane proteins codon usage has been proposed to assist in the establishment of a pause necessary for the correct targeting of the nascent chains to the...

The idea that “everything is everywhere, but the environment selects” has been seminal in microbial biogeography, and marine phytoplankton is one of the prototypical groups used to illustrate this. The typical argument has been that phytoplankton is ubiquitous, but that distinct assemblages form under environmental selection. It is well established that phytoplankton assemblages vary considerably between coastal ecosystems. However, the relative roles of compartmentalisation of regional seas and site-specific environmental conditions in shaping assemblage structures,...

Objective: Data regarding the efficacy and safety of warfarin and Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant (NOAC) among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain scarce. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies involving CKD patients treated on OACs was conducted to evaluate following outcomes: ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), combined ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (strokecombined), stroke or systemic embolism, mortality, and major bleeding events. CKD was defined based on creatinine clearance (CrCl) ranging from mild...