Biodiversity includes multiscalar and multitemporal structures and processes, with different levels of functional organization, from genetic to ecosystemic levels. One of the mostly used methods to infer bio- diversity is based on taxonomic approaches and community ecology theories. However, gathering extensive data in the field is difficult due to logistic problems, especially when aiming at modelling biodiversity changes in space and time, which assumes statistically sound sampling schemes. In this context, airborne or satellite remote...

Seismic waveforms from an explosion catalogue from a seismic network at Santiaguito volcano between November 2014 and December 2018. A network of 6 broadband and 6 short-period stations was used to record explosive volcanic activity. Waveforms from 18,895 explosions have been automatically been detected and extracted.

Understanding the dynamics of socio‐ecological systems is crucial to the development of environmentally sustainable practices. Models of social or ecological sub‐systems have greatly enhanced such understanding, but at the risk of obscuring important feedbacks and emergent effects. Integrated modelling approaches have the potential to address this shortcoming by explicitly representing linked socio‐ecological dynamics. We developed a socio‐ecological system model by coupling an existing agent‐based model of land‐use dynamics and an individual‐based model of demography and...

The hazardous oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) originate from combustion (primary sources) or post-emission conversion of PAHs (secondary sources). We evaluated the global distribution of up to 15 OPAHs in 195 mineral topsoils from 33 study sites (covering 52°N-47°S, 71°W-118°E), to identify indications of primary or secondary sources of OPAHs. The sums of the (frequently measured 7 and 15) OPAH concentrations correlated with those of the S16EPA-PAHs. The relationship of the S16EPA-PAHs concentrations with the...

This surface is the result of a Molecular Dynamics simulation of uni-axial compression of single crystal Au. The initial configuration was an Au cube with side length 100 nm. The x- and y-directions of the simulation cell were parallel to the [-110] and [-1-12] directions of the crystal, respectively. The z-direction was parallel to the [111] crystal direction. The x- and y-directions were periodic, but the z-direction was free, hence the crystal had free surfaces...

The seismological experiment in and around the East Eifel Volcanic Field ( Germany) DEEP-TEE was continued in 2017. Following two unusually deep micro-earthquakes in September 2013 (about 40 km depth) a seismic network was installed to record more local seismic events in order to better understand the seismicity and dynamics of this region in phase I of this experiment. Phase II of DEEP-TEE experiment was motivated due the recordings of several deep low-frequency (DLF) events...

The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP) provides a framework for the collation of a set of consistent, multi-sector, multi-scale climate-impact simulations, based on scientifically and politically relevant historical and future scenarios. This framework serves as a basis for robust projections of climate impacts, as well as facilitating model evaluation and improvement, allowing for advanced estimates of the biophysical and socio-economic impacts of climate change at different levels of global warming. It also provides a...

This dataset contains measured daily values of precipitation, air and soil temperature, soil water content, measured net ecosystem exchange (NEE) fluxes using eddy covariance, calculated gross primary production (GPP), terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER) and net biome production (NBP) fluxes using an online tool (http://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/~MDIwork/eddyproc/upload.php), measured fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide using static chambers and measured fluxes of nitrous oxide using eddy covariance, measured fluxes of nitrogen oxides (NOx) using automatic chambers, measured nitrogen and...

Karst aquifers constitute important freshwater resources, but are challenging to manage and to protect, because of their unique hydraulic structure and behaviour, representing continuous challenges for research and development. Karst aquifers are widespread and contribute to freshwater supply of most Mediterranean countries and many cities are supplied by karst water, e.g., Rome, Vienna, Montpellier and Beirut. These land surfaces correspond to the main recharge zones of karst aquifers, which are often hydraulically connected over large...

In the project DB MISS (Aufbau einer belastbaren Datenbasis zum Konflikt zwischen Windenergieanlagen und Erdbebenmessstationen – Implementation of a robust database to mitigate the conflict between wind turbines and earthquake recording stations, https://www.uni-muenster.de/Physik.GP/dbmiss/project.html) the effect of ground motion emissions from wind turbines and their impact on earthquake recording stations is studied. Therefore, several seismic measurements at different wind turbines will be conducted in Germany. The measurement campaigns involve various sensor types and data loggers.

Abstract The host–guest complex formation between barbital and various acylaminopyridyl isophthalamides (Hamilton receptors) has been determined quantitatively. The syntheses of nine isophthalamide...

The effect of inclusion complex formation on the fluorescence properties of berberine, a clinically important natural alkaloid, was studied using cucurbit[7]uril as macrocyclic host compound. The formation of a very stable 1:1 inclusion complex led to about 500-fold fluorescence intensity enhancement, which facilitated the detection of berberine even below nanomolar concentration. Addition of NaCl caused a significant change in the association constant and the fluorescence characteristics of the complex, whereas the variation of the anion...

Digital surface mesh models based on segmented datasets have become an integral part of studies on animal anatomy and functional morphology; usually, they are published as static images, movies or as interactive PDF files. We demonstrate the use of animated 3D models embedded in PDF documents, which combine the advantages of both movie and interactivity, based on the example of preserved Trigonopterus weevils. The method is particularly suitable to simulate joints with largely deterministic movements...

Photochromic ligands (PCLs), defined as photoswitchable molecules that are able to endow native receptors with a sensitivity towards light, have become a promising photopharmacological tool for various applications in biology. In general, PCLs consist of a ligand of the target receptor covalently linked to an azobenzene, which can be reversibly switched between two configurations upon light illumination. Gluazo, as a PCL that targets excitatory amino acid receptors, in its dark-adapted trans iso-form was characterized to...

Incongruence, or topological conflict, is prevalent in genome-scale data sets. Internode certainty (IC) and related measures were recently introduced to explicitly quantify the level of incongruence of a given internal branch among a set of phylogenetic trees and complement regular branch support measures (e.g., bootstrap, posterior probability) that instead assess the statistical confidence of inference. Since most phylogenomic studies contain data partitions (e.g., genes) with missing taxa and IC scores stem from the frequencies of...

Integrating multiple-facets of biodiversity to describe spatial and temporal distribution patterns is one way of revealing the mechanisms driving community assembly. We assessed the species, functional and phylogenetic composition and structure of passerine bird communities along an elevational gradient both in wintering and breeding seasons in the Ailao Mountains, southwest China, in order to identify the dominant ecological processes structuring the communities and how these processes change with elevation and season. Our research confirms that...

The dataset contains spider (Araneae) specimen numbers collected from flowering invasive American goldenrod (Solidago canadensis/gigantea) and invasive Himalayan balsam (Impatiens glandulifera) stands occuring naturally in urban areas of the city of Karlsruhe, Germany. Corresponding plots with native ruderalized vegetation in direct vicinity of each invaded plot were used as a comparison plot, resulting in a fully paired design for each plant invader study. An additional column represents potential non-araneae prey items collected together with the...

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies have led to a ubiquity of molecular sequence data. This data avalanche is particularly challenging in metagenetics, which focuses on taxonomic identification of sequences obtained from diverse microbial environments. Phylogenetic placement methods determine how these sequences fit into anevolutionary context. Previous implementations of phylogenetic placement algorithms, such as the Evolutionary Placement Algorithm (EPA) included in RAxML, or pplacer, are being increasingly used for this purpose. However, due to the steady...

This supplement aims to substantiate and expand our comments made in the Letter to the Editor. This format as a separate document was necessary due to the complexity of the issues raised in our comments vis-à-vis the word limit of PNAS Letters (500 words). The text elaborates on individual concerns raised in the letter and also adds new aspects on the research quality that have not yet been discussed in the letter. Moreover, the supplement...

The aim of the microseismic Kandel-Elztal experiment (MiKaEl-Ex) is to continuously record the micro-earthquakes with a highly sensitive measuring network. From this measurement data, the micro-earthquake signals will then be identified from the background noise using innovative methods based on artificial intelligence. Then the arrival time of the earthquakes waves are used to calculate the exact location of their sources in the interior of the earth. In this way, potential active faults are found and...

The role of structural factors and of electrostatic interactions with the environment on the outcome of thiol–disulfide exchange reactions were investigated in a mutated immunoglobulin domain (I27*) under mechanical stress. An extensive ensemble of molecular dynamics trajectories was generated by means of QM/MM simulations for a total sampling of 5.7 μs. A significant number of thiol–disulfide exchanges were observed, and the Cys32 thiolate preferred to attack Cys55 over Cys24, in agreement with previous experimental and...

Observational evidence suggests that forests in the Northern Alps are changing at an increasing rate as a consequence of climate change. Yet, it remains unclear whether the acceleration of forest change will continue in the future, or whether downregulating feedbacks will eventually decouple forest dynamics from climate change. Here we studied future forest dynamics at Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany by means of a process-based forest landscape model, simulating an ensemble of 22 climate projections until...

This surface is the result of a Molecular Dynamics simulation of bi-axial compression of a CuZr (50% Cu, 50% Zr) metallic glass. The initial configuration was a CuZr cube with side length 100 nm. The glass had been produced by quenching from the melt at a rate of 1e11 K/s under fully periodic boundary conditions. In the compression simulation, the x- and y-directions were periodic, but the z-direction was free, hence the glass had free...